How to Read a Standard R Table

Method

Many Standard R outputs contain a default output which is a table, similar to the two below.

Coefficient tables

Statistical models that estimate coefficients are often represented in Standard R with a table such as the one below. Key aspects of this table are:

• The estimated parameters, which are referred to as Estimates in the example below, are color-coded where the corresponding p-value is less than 0.05. If the coefficient is positive they are colored blue. If negative, they are colored red.
• The t- or z-statistics are colored from coral (a pink color) through to blue, where:
  • Values less than -5 are shown in the strong coral.
  • Values of 0 are shown with white background.
  • Values of 5 or more are shown in blue.
  • Values between -5 and 5 are interpolated based on the z and t statistics.
• p-Values are shown in the column marked p. They are bold where p is less than 0.05.

Tables of means

The table below shows means by group, where the rows represent variables, and the initial columns represent different sub-groups in the population. As with the Coefficient tables, the shading is determined by the t-statistics (computed as differences from the row means). However, whereas in the table above the t-statistics themselves were shaded, in this example the means are shaded according to the t-statistics, and the t-statistics themselves are not displayed. See Machine Learning - Linear Discriminant Analysis for a more detailed discussion of this example.

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