UPCOMING WEBINAR: From Thousands of Tables To One Clear Story: using AI in survey analysis When columns (or rows) are added to or removed from a table, the results flagged as being significant may change. There are two non-obvious scenarios in which this will occur:
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False Discovery Rate Correction has been applied to your tables via Appearance > Significance > Advanced > Exception Tests from the Properties
. This is a type of multiple comparison procedure. A consequence of this correction, and all multiple comparison corrections in general, is that when data is added or removed, results that were previously marked as significant can cease to be significant and vice versa.
- Where inappropriate statistical testing assumptions are being used.
Scenario 1: The change is due to multiple comparison corrections
Example
In the example below, after two waves were collected, two of the comparisons are shown as being significant, but when a third wave of data was included, all of a sudden, results previously marked as being significant were no longer marked as being significant.
Explanation
Consider the Tacos are OK row. When we only have two waves of data, the difference between 44% and 50% is marked as being significant. There are two possible explanations for this result. Explanation 1 is that the research has revealed that the proportion of people in the market who believe Tacos are OK has increased. Explanation 2 is that it is just a fluke result (e.g., due to sampling error).
Tests of statistical significance are designed to give some insight into which of these explanations is correct. Based on the information in the table on the left, the educated guess provided by the statistical test is that the difference between 50% and 44% reflects a difference in the market (i.e., Explanation 1).
Now consider the implications of these conclusions on Wave 3. If Explanation 1 is true, we might expect that the increase would continue in Wave 3 and would result in a higher result (i.e., higher than the 50% from Wave 2). If Explanation 2 is correct, we would expect that the result in Wave 3 would be somewhere between Wave 1 and Wave 2 (i.e., if the difference between Waves 1 and 2 is a fluke, our best guess for Wave 3 is that it would be between the results of the first two waves). As the result for Wave 3 is 48%, which is between the results from Waves 1 and 2, the data from Wave 3 tends to support Explanation 2 (i.e., that the difference between Wave 1 and Wave 2 is not statistically significant). And, this is the reason why the results are no longer significant in the updated table (i.e., the additional data allows us to make a more informed conclusion about the differences between Wave 1 and 2).
It is important to note that, while in this example, the absence of a trend is what changes the conclusions, multiple comparison corrections do not explicitly test for trends. Rather, they evaluate the extent to which the number and magnitude of differences in a table are consistent with the idea that the differences are due to sampling error. For example, in the specific analysis described above, if the Wave 2 result had been, say, 55%, then this difference would have remained significant irrespective of the results of Wave 3 (i.e., the difference would be so large that additional information would be irrelevant).
Modifying the multiple comparison settings
In situations where consistency is more important than rigor, it can be useful to turn off multiple comparison corrections. This is done in Statistical Assumptions.
Scenario 2: Inappropriate testing assumptions
The example below shows the same data as above, but with the multiple comparison corrections set to None. Note that the column letters are consistent and will always be consistent with such testing assumptions. However, the colors and arrows remain inconsistent, with Wave 2 still not showing as significant. This is because, by default, the colors and arrows perform Exception tests. In the first table, the Wave 2 result is being compared against Wave 1, whereas in the second table, Wave 2 is being compared against the combined data from both waves 1 and 3, and it is not significantly different. See How to Conduct Significance Tests by Comparing to Previous Time Periods for an explanation of how to instead test Wave 2 vs Wave 1 and Wave 3 vs Wave 2.